PMC

Variables are expressed in dimensionless standardized units. Fencer A: Reflected tip distance increased with increased reflected blade distance (linear regression, both variables square root transformed for regression but not plotting, n = 67, p = 0.00016, r² = 0.20, slope_std = 0.45, plot). Not significantly related to reflected tip distance (forward step-wise linear regression) were angular blade velocity (p = 0.8), reflected blade velocity (p = 0.2), blade height (p = 0.9), reflected blade height (p = 0.05), and blade distance (p = 0.03). Fencer B. Reflected tip distance increased with increased reflected blade distance (linear regression, both variables square-root transformed for regression, n = 78, p<0.000001, r² = 0.29, slope = 0.62 based on non-transformed data). Not significantly related to blade velocity (p = 0.7), reflected blade velocity (p = 0.6), blade height (p = 0.3), reflected blade height (p = 0.2), or blade distance (p = 0.0005). Tip velocity was affected by both angular blade velocity and blade height (linear regression, n = 78, r² = 0.44). Tip velocity increased with increased angular blade velocity (multiple linear regression, n = 78, p<0.00001, slope_std = 0.59, partial plot). Tip velocity increased with decreased blade height (multiple linear regression, n = 78, p<0.00001, slope_std = -0.65, partial plot). Not significantly related to tip velocity (forward step-wise linear regression) were reflected angular velocity (p = 0.02), reflected blade height (p = 0.8), blade distance (p = 0.1), reflected blade distance (p = 0.6).

Sequential Images from a Time-Lapse Recording of Growing cow1-2 Root Hairs That Develop Branches.
One photograph was taken every 15 min. The nuclei (N) are indicated. During this time lapse, both tips of the left root hair were growing, and the nucleus was moving between the two branches. In the right root hair, only one tip was growing. The nucleus was at a fixed distance from this tip. The branches of the root hairs are marked with arrows, and in the root hair in which only one tip was growing, the growing tip is marked with an arrowhead. Bar = 25 μm.

Cortical Microtubule Arrangement of L. japonicus Root Hairs at Different Stages of Their Development.
(A) Average microtubule length (n = 952 microtubules from 136 root hairs).
(B) Microtubule length in Zone II root hairs as a function of distance from root hair tip (n = 504 microtubules from 63 root hairs).
(C) Average microtubule angular orientation (n = 1518 microtubules from 138 root hairs).
(D) Microtubule angular orientation in Zone II root hairs as a function of distance from root hair tip (n = 858 microtubules from 78 root hairs).

Excision points and root orientations. (A) Cartoon of Arabidopsis root tip showing the location of the stem cell niche (quiescent centre, light blue; initial cells, dark blue) and the position of the excision points. Distance from the root's tip: proximal, 200 μm ± 10 μm; median, 160 μm ± 10 μm; distal, 120 μm ± 10 μm. (B) Orientations of root and electric field (E): aligned, root tip pointing towards the negative electrode; anti‐aligned, root tip pointing towards the positive electrode.